Bazin begins with prehistoric art, highlighting cave paintings and early human sculptures, illustrating the fundamental relationship between art and the human experience. As the narrative progresses, he examines ancient civilizations such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome, where art began to reflect societal structures, religious beliefs, and advancements in technology.

The book then transitions into the Middle Ages, discussing how art was primarily influenced by the Church, leading to the development of Byzantine art and the Gothic cathedrals. With the Renaissance, Bazin explores a rebirth of classical ideals, focusing on iconic figures like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, and how they redefined artistic techniques and themes.

Moving into the Baroque period, the book covers the emotional depth and dynamism of art, showcasing artists such as Caravaggio and Rembrandt. The journey continues through the Enlightenment, Romanticism, and into modern art movements like Impressionism, Cubism, and Surrealism, noting the break from traditional forms and the rise of expression and abstraction.

Bazin concludes by examining contemporary art, addressing current trends and questioning the role of art in society today, emphasizing the ongoing dialogue between art and culture.